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Artificial intelligence is a general term that implies using computer models with minimum human intervention. After the invention of robots artificial intelligence came into the mainstream. The term froCzechm is the Czech word robota which means biosynthetic machines which are used for forced labor. Leonardo Da Vinci’s lasting heritage is now the burgeoning use of robotic assigned surgery which is named after him for complex urologic and gynecologic procedures. Da Vinci’s sketchbook is the first book where all the innovation
of artificial intelligence started.AI is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines was officially born in 1956. This term is widely applicable now item stems from medicines like robotics, medical diagnosis, medical statistics, and human biology including “omics”. Here I will discuss AI in medicine, which has two main branches: virtual and physical. The virtual branch includes the informatics approach of deep learning information management to control health management systems, electronic health records,s and active guidance of physicians in their treatment decisions. The physical branches mainly include the robots used to assist the elderly patient or attend surgeons and also include target nanorobots, a new delivery system. The social and ethical complexities of using these robots require further reflection roof of medical utility development, economic value, and development of interdisciplinary strategies for their wider application.
AI is generally accepted by all ordinary people in the form of robots. The word “Robot” comes from the Czech word “Robots” from the literature by the writer Karel Capek in his 1921 play “R.U.R”. This signifies a biosynthesized machine that is used as forced labor. In the middle of the last century, Isaac Asimov first used the word “Robot” in his short stories which are in modern science fiction. The first humanoid can be traced to the 3rd century in china, when a mechanical engineer, Yan Shi presented to the emperor Mu of Zhou a mechanical handiwork which is made of leather, wood, and an artificial organ that also, comes with a human body structure. In the 12th century, a Muslim scientist, scholar, polymath, inventor, and mechanical engineer first created a humanoid that can able to strike cymbals. During the Renaissance period, Leonardo Da Vinci made a detailed study of human anatomy for designing his humanoid robot. His sketches of 1495 are rediscovered in the 1950s his robot was a knight robot that can stand up, sit down, wave arms, and move head and jaw. It was a fully operated robot with pulleys and strings. More importantly, Leonardo Da Vinci’s sketchbook is worked as one of the greatest motivations for all scientists and some of the sketches are the reality and currently work in NASA.
In medicine, a surgical system was made by an American company, Intuitive surgical named Da Vinci in recognition of his inspirational impact it is approved by FDA and currently, the number of units in operation around the world is now over 500. Da Vinci’s surgical system works as motivation and facilitates complex surgery using a minimally invasive approach
and can be controlled by a surgeon from a console. This type of system is commonly used in prostatectomies and gynecologic surgical procedures but nowadays it is also used in cardiac valve repair.
The evolution of robots made a massive direction with the first robot to be recognized as revolutionary in its mechanical realistic conception being the “Flute Player”, conceived by a French inventor in the 18th century, Jacques de Vaucanson as innovative automation in playing the pipe. It had a repertoire of 12 songs. After two centuries an autonomous robot Machina speculatrix became very famous in 1948 made by William Gray Water, his main focus is to demonstrate how a brain works and conclude that a small number of brain number sells can lead us to very complex behaviors. In 1955. John McCarthy first introduce the term “Artificial intelligence “for the first time and defined it as the Science and engineering of intelligent machines. He was a very influential person in the early development of artificial intelligence. In 1956 he and his colleagues first founded AI at Dartmouth College from here they show the road to development in the new disciplinary research area. It gave a perfect framework for subsequent computer research and development effort. Computers nowadays tend to solve much more complex mathematics problems which will soon grab the attention of defense in the USA. After the 80s slowdown new golden era started with logistic data mining and medical diagnosis. instruments and computational power also increased. The new capability allowed big blue to beat the world’s best chess champion Gary Kasparov on May 11, 1997
Today AI is a topic in computer science that gives novel solutions to complex problems. Due to the continuous increase in electronic power, software one day machines can be as intelligent as humans. One can not neglect the contribution of y cybernetics to the development of AI. Cybernetics aims to control any system using technology that explores system regulation, structure, and constraints, most notably mechanical, physical, biological, and social. The origin of cybernetics is attributed to Norbert Wiener who formalized the notion of feedback with implications for engineering system control, computer science, biology, neuroscience, philosophy, and the organization of society. Fields that are most influenced by these topics are system theory, sociology, physiology, and theory of organization . Today the literature on AI is abundant and unbridled. Sometimes AI is protracted as a serious threat to humanity, in Davos where Stephen Hawking shared this
idea with all. Ai is useful in many ways like military, transport, manufacturing, etc but here I will only discuss its contribution to medicine and health systems.
1) The Virtual Branch:
AI in medicine is mainly divided into two main parts one is virtual and physical. The virtual component of this is represented by machine learning which is also represented by mathematical algorithms which improve learning through experience. There are three types of 3 machine learning algorithms 1) Supervised algorithm, 2) Unsupervised algorithm , and 3) reinforcement. Ai is boosted and is still boosting discoveries, in genetic and molecular medicine by providing machine learning algorithms and acknowledgment management. The landmark of successful unsupervised learning in medicine is the protein-protein interaction algorithm which led us to novel therapeutic target discoveries. This method consists of an evolutionary algorithm and state-of-the-art clustering technology named “evolutionary enhanced Markov clustering”. It permitted the prediction of over 5000 protein complexes of which over 70% enriched at least one gene ontology function term. New computational technology is also developed to identify DNA variants like single nucleotide polymorphism as a prediction of traits or diseases by using a novel embedded algorithm that is more robust and less prone to overfitting issues which occurs when a model huge number of parameters relative to the number of observations. Today’s “System thinking ” no more only means about only interaction between patients and providers but takes into account large-scale organizations and cycles. The healthcare system must not be stationary it should learn from its previous mistakes and should continuously improve itself. This is the multi-agent system which is called a MAS system where a site agent situated in a common environment interacts with each other.This process involves building or participating in an organization that uses AI to achieve significant processes. A very good example of this in medicine is the development of a problematically complex ecosystem for treating chronic mental disease. Instead of focusing on cost-cutting and cost recovery, the MAS approach process captures the dynamics of the individual patients and their improvements after medication with a larger ecosystem. The global care coordination technology allows process facilities to control, map and better supports to change the system with a demonstrated increase in response to medication,
less costly and more productive intervention. It is allowed to implement health system managers to analyze the dynamics of system performance in social, medical, criminal, and justice components. Include in the virtual application of AI in our medical electronic records by using specific algorithms are used to identify or analyze the data for many diseases which can be related to hierarchical behavior. AI can perform very well in any organization by enabling individuals to capture, share, and collective knowledge to make the optimal decision in real time. As a result, the electronic results of a patient are very important to treatment. From the current patient record of variable quality, information needs to be stored where we can get individual patient information for epidemiological research and planning. Major efforts are required from academia and the technology industry to get desired efficacy in minimizing cost. Most of the current medical records are in the form of incommunicable silos of wasted information for the health system and for knowledge acquisition. To change that process laboratories and clinics will play a very vital role. All the information should store in real-time and all institution should promote their transformation in the intelligible process. Now, this scientific and clinical information will be shared through open source and aggregated data must be displayed for easy access for physicians and scientists and made automatically available as point care information.Integration and interoperability including ethical, legal, and logistics concerns are very big, particularly with the fourth coming addition of “omics-based” data. The simplification of data, readability, and clinical utility of the data set should be properly evident and each result must be questioned for its clinical applicability Electronic medical records is very important for personalized medicine and for an increment of clinical values and decrement in the cost of treatment. Further uses of AI in medicine are using softbots as psychotherapeutic avatars.Avatar stems from the film 2009 by James Cameron created to hybrid human aliens and facilitate communication with the people of that planet named “Pandora”. Emotional connected and sensitive avatars are recognized in medicine.It is applied for pain control for children in the case of fighting against cancer and it is also used in the early detection of mental disturbance in young stars including suicidal tendencies which works better than human intervention. One of the clearest example is the control of paranoid hallucinations when the subject designs his own avatar representing the persecutor in his mind. The system encourages the subject to engage the discussion with his persecutor who progressively tries to learn that type of destructive behavior. Initial success with this technology has been demonstrated by the achievement of a lower level of
hallucination and vocal threats. Perhaps the most useful function is the care of the elderly, where the frequency, reassuring nature, and kindness of what is said are all important elements of improved communication. Avatar is also used in home care and for biological monitoring of 3D vision.
2) The Physical Branch:
The second form of the Physical branch in Medicine includes physical objects, medical devices, and increasingly sophisticated robots taking part in the delivery of robots. The most promising part of the physical branch is the use of robots as helpers for example it is used as a companion for aging approach with cognitive decline and limited mobility. Japanese care bots are one of the most advanced versions of these now. Robots are also used in surgery as assistant surgeons and in many cases they perform as a surgeon. One of the most impressive things about robots is their ability to communicate with and teach autistic children. In many cases, robots perform better than any human intervention important ethical considerations will have to resolve before it will become possible to use AI robots routinely in today’s medical environment. Apart from ethical issues, a major challenge in this new dimension of medical care is the clear need for standardized, comparative evaluation of the effect of robotic systems on health indicators, and measures of changes in psychological and physical status, side effects, and outcome.
Robots works very well in the evaluation of changes in human performance in such case of rehabilitation and another area where AI can work very well in the monitoring of guided delivery of drugs to target organs tissue or tumor. It is very encouraging to learn from current development nanobots designed to overcome delivery problems that arise when the difficulty of diffusion of the therapeutic agent into site interest is encountered. Thai type of problems occurs when a therapist tries to target the core of the tumor which tends to be less vascularized, and anoxic, but most proliferatively active. To overcome the most radioactive or mechanical solution scientists are attempting to use harness a natural agent with the same properties that work with intelligent nanoparticles. For that reason, they study marine coli called Magnetococcus marinus which travels continuously to low oxygen levels. The initial guide is provided by an external magnetic source after that it works as a
nanorobot. These nanorobots can covalently bond with nanoliposomes bearing therapeutic properties.
Early data have disclosed a significant increase in the gradient of desired drugs into the hypoxic zones. Most of these AI need to be more efficient with more research on human-computer interaction. In 1970 Moshimo Mori first introduced the notion of the uncanny valley which is very an important theme of the human-robot interaction field. In these cases, humanoids are evaluated for their attractiveness, and apparent humanity, as factors making a perception of robots either acceptable, feared, or rejected.
AI will help us in our personal life as much as genetics will continue to provide personal services. Now it is very important to consider how AI will develop our healthcare system. Takashi Kido made a My Finder as a personalized community computing to resolve challenges of personalized genome service collaborating with AI and shaping the personalized and participative health care of the future. The main goal of this platform is to provide personalized genome environment interaction in both directions: impact of genes on disease, halt and drug responses, and impact on our environment, behavior, and wellness of our gene activity. The world economic forum named give the title to OpenAi is one of the top 10 emerging technology. An unprecedented amount of data with very advanced neural language and with social awareness algorithms make AI very useful to all consumers. This is practically very accurate in the field of medicine where much data is utilized from the medical report of a patient and lately also from information obtained by wearable health sensors. It is also very important to analyze the data not just for providing that to the patient but also for the betterment of a better lifestyle and healthcare design based on the needs and habits of the patient. We also have to reduce all the prejudices and myths about AI and learn how this is working and how it can be beneficial to us to perceive the real drawbacks of AI. The biggest myth is that AI one day can be so intelligent that it will take control of our lives. However, if we succeed in creating ethical standards, developing measures of success, and effectiveness, and making it available to the mainstream and not only to the ivy league medical institution, by making AI tools opensource and user-friendly and have proven clinical utility, the social benefits with the use of AI.